project evaluation

Fashion Evaluation

What is cloning? Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal.

For the fashion brief my world event was to Cloning, I chose this as I feel that fashion is in some way related to this as it is always being regurgitated and brought back in to fashion at some point. For example this winter military style coats were all the rage but back in the 1920s these where fashion due to the war, thick duffel jackets were made out of heavy blankets due to lack of material and the style mimicked from that of the army men.

Fashion can be about individuality but for the masses it is about following the trend.

For the brief I initially didn't want to concentrate on any particular era in fashion, like the 60s, although this did change later on into my work and I based some of the photoshoots on the teddy boy period of the 50s and punk era of the 80s. For me i saw my work as more about experimentation, I wanted to seeing how I could in-effect 'clone' the people I was photographing.

My experimentation was initially done through film creating double exposures using a Hasselblad, the technique was hard to master but the effects I got from it were some of my favourite work. Images had a ghostly effect to them, which could of been interpretated as the past and present and how I see fashion, something that is always coming back round again. My next experiment was then digital manipulation, which was easier to achieve, although the image had impact it was something which is seen quite often and in some images did make them look a little over processed. Another experiment I also tried was again with film but rather that double exposures I wanted to use multiple negatives from the film to create one image. This could be done in various ways, one being that you exposed your photo paper to first image and then exposed your second image, and the other was to use both negs at the same time, I did experiment with both techniques and examples from this can be found in my sketch book. Lastly I wanted to show the effect of human 'cloning' and my interpretation of this was to use two models who were very similar looking, my hopes, to create the effect of twins.

Final Images

My final 8 images for fashion have been chosen as although visually they seem to fit my world event the least, when you look more closely at the images you will see that they represent fashion and other eras throughtout the most.
The suit in the images is what i have used to represent cloning, its a modern day take on the 50's Teddy Boy suit, backing up what i say about fashion being regurgitated, and the ties themselves represent each era in fashion, starting at 1920s - 1980s and how things change even with small accessories.

My technical abilities still need to be worked on, but overall i feel the compostition and poses are strong, and the images show influence from other photographers, Ben Watts Teddy Boy portraits. Editing was carried out in photoshop as i wanted to try an alternative style.

CHRIS STEELE-PERKINS

JENNY LENS

GAVIN WATSON

Gavin Watson grew up in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, photographing the people he knew and the gangs they hung out with. In his latest book Skins and Punks, Watson captures two of the country's most iconic subcultures as they come to life in the dreary climate of 1980s Britain. As This is England director Shane Meadows comments in the foreword, 'What makes Gavin's photos so special is that when you look at them, there's clearly trust from the subject towards the photographer so it feels like you're in the photo rather than just observing'.

cloning in humans

There are many ways in which in which human cloning is expected to benefit mankind. Below is a list that is far from complete.

• Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning.



• Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States and several other industrialized countries.



• There has been a breakthrough with human stem cells. Embryonic stem cells can be grown to produce organs or tissues to repair or replace damaged ones. Skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics, hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys could be produced. By combining this technology with human cloning technology it may be possible to produce needed tissue for suffering people that will be free of rejection by their immune systems. Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart failure, degenerative joint disease, and other problems may be made curable if human cloning and its technology are not banned.



• Infertility. With cloning, infertile couples could have children. Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. One estimate is that current infertility treatments are less than 10 percent successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible.



• Plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery. Because of human cloning and its technology the days of silicone breast implants and other cosmetic procedures that may cause immune disease should soon be over. With the new technology, instead of using materials foreign to the body for such procedures, doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat, connective tissue, or cartilage that matches the patients tissues exactly. Anyone will able to have their appearance altered to their satisfaction without the leaking of silicone gel into their bodies or the other problems that occur with present day plastic surgery. Victims of terrible accidents that deform the face should now be able to have their features repaired with new, safer, technology. Limbs for amputees may be able to be regenerated.



• Breast implants. Most people are aware of the breast implant fiasco in which hundreds of thousands of women received silicone breast implants for cosmetic reasons. Many came to believe that the implants were making them ill with diseases of their immune systems. With human cloning and its technology breast augmentation and other forms of cosmetic surgery could be done with implants that would not be any different from the person's normal tissues.



• Defective genes. The average person carries 8 defective genes inside them. These defective genes allow people to become sick when they would otherwise remain healthy. With human cloning and its technology it may be possible to ensure that we no longer suffer because of our defective genes.
  Down's syndrome. Those women at high risk for Down's syndrome can avoid that risk by cloning.



• Tay-Sachs disease. This is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder could be prevented by using cloning to ensure that a child does not express the gene for the disorder
  Liver failure. We may be able to clone livers for liver transplants
  Kidney failure. We may be able to clone kidneys for kidney transplants
  Leukemia. We should be able to clone the bone marrow for children and adults suffering from leukemia. This is expected to be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology.



• Cancer. We may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure cancer. Scientists still do not know exactly how cells differentiate into specific kinds of tissue, nor to they understand why cancerous cells lose their differentiation. Cloning, at long last, may be the key to understanding differentiation and cancer.



• Cystic fibrosis. We may be able to produce effective genetic therapy against cystic fibrosis. Ian Wilmut and colleagues are already working on this problem.



• Spinal cord injury. We may learn to grow nerves or the spinal cord back again when they are injured. Quadriplegics might be able to get out of their wheelchairs and walk again. Christopher Reeves, the man who played Superman, might be able to walk again.



• Testing for genetic disease. Cloning technology can be used to test for and perhaps cure genetic diseases.

The above list only scratches the surface of what human cloning technology can do for mankind. The suffering that can be relieved is staggering. This new technology heralds a new era of unparalleled advancement in medicine if people will release their fears and let the benefits begin. Why should another child die from leukemia when if the technology is allowed we should be able to cure it in a few years time?

From various e-mail sent to the Human Cloning Foundation, it is clear that many people would support human cloning in the following situations:

1) A couple has one child then they become infertile and cannot have more children. Cloning would enable such a couple to have a second child, perhaps a younger twin of the child they already have.

2) A child is lost soon after birth to a tragic accident. Many parents have written the HCF after losing a baby in a fire, car accident, or other unavoidable disaster. These grief stricken parents often say that they would like to have their perfect baby back. Human cloning would allow such parents to have a twin of their lost baby, but it would be like other twins, a unique individual and not a carbon copy of the child that was lost under heartbreaking circumstances.

3) A woman who through some medical emergency ended up having a hysterectomy before being married or having children. Such women have been stripped of their ability to have children. These women need a surrogate mother to have a child of their own DNA, which can be done either by human cloning or by in vitro fertilization.

4) A boy graduates from high school at age 18. He goes to a pool party to celebrate. He confuses the deep end and shallow end and dives head first into the pool, breaking his neck and becoming a quadriplegic. At age 19 he has his first urinary tract infection because of an indwelling urinary catheter and continues to suffer from them the rest of his life. At age 20 he comes down with herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve. He suffers chronic unbearable pain. At age 21 he inherits a 10 million dollar trust fund. He never marries or has children. At age 40 after hearing about Dolly being a clone, he changes his will and has his DNA stored for future human cloning. His future mother will be awarded one million dollars to have him and raise him. His DNA clone will inherit a trust fund. He leaves five million to spinal cord research. He dies feeling that although he was robbed of normal life, his twin/clone will lead a better life.

5) Two parents have a baby boy. Unfortunately the baby has muscular dystrophy. They have another child and it's another boy with muscular dystrophy. They decide not to have any more children. Each boy has over 20 operations as doctors attempt to keep them healthy and mobile. Both boys die as teenagers. The childless parents donate their estate to curing muscular dystrophy and to having their boys cloned when medical science advances enough so that their DNA can live again, but free of muscular dystrophy.

Reference this page as: Human Cloning Foundation. "The Benefits of Human Cloning." Internet http://www.humancloning.org/benefits.htm, 1998.

My World Event - Cloning, Dolly the Sheep

Image of Dolly and her lamb Bonnie

Dolly the sheep may have been the world's most famous clone, but she was not the first. Cloning creates a genetically identical copy of an animal or plant. Many animals - including frogs, mice, and cows - had been cloned before Dolly. Plants are often cloned – taking a cutting produces a clone of the original plant. Human identical twins are also clones.Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, rather than an embryo. This was a major scientific achievement, but also raised ethical concerns.Since 1996, when Dolly was born, other sheep have been cloned from adult cells, as have mice, rabbits, horses and donkeys, pigs, goats and cattle. In 2004 a mouse was cloned using a nucleus from an olfactory neuron, showing that the donor nucleus can come from a tissue of the body that does not normally divide.

How Dolly was cloned
Animal cloning from an adult cell is obviously much more complex and difficult than growing a plant from a cutting. So when scientists working at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly, the only lamb born from 277 attempts, it was a major news story around the world.
To produce Dolly, the scientists used the nucleus of an udder cell from a six-year-old Finn Dorset white sheep. The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's genes. They had to find a way to 'reprogram' the udder cells - to keep them alive but stop them growing – which they achieved by altering the growth medium (the ‘soup’ in which the cells were kept alive). Then they injected the cell into an unfertilised egg cell which had had its nucleus removed, and made the cells fuse by using electrical pulses. The unfertilised egg cell came from a Scottish Blackface ewe. When the research team had managed to fuse the nucleus from the adult white sheep cell with the egg cell from the black-faced sheep, they needed to make sure that the resulting cell would develop into an embryo. They cultured it for six or seven days to see if it divided and developed normally, before implanting it into a surrogate mother, another Scottish Blackface ewe. Dolly had a white face.
From 277 cell fusions, 29 early embryos developed and were implanted into 13 surrogate mothers. But only one pregnancy went to full term, and the 6.6kg Finn Dorset lamb 6LLS (alias Dolly) was born after 148 days.



What happened to Dolly?
Dolly, lived a pampered existence at the Roslin Institute. She mated and produced normal offspring in the normal way, showing that such cloned animals can reproduce. Born on 5 July 1996, she was euthanased on 14 February 2003, aged six and a half. Sheep can live to age 11 or 12, but Dolly suffered from arthritis in a hind leg joint and from sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, a virus-induced lung tumour to which sheep raised indoors are prone. On 2 February 2003, Australia's first cloned sheep died unexpectedly at the age of two years and 10 months. The cause of death was unknown and the carcass was quickly cremated as it was decomposing.

Dolly’s chromosomes were a little shorter than those of other sheep, but in most other ways she was the same as any other sheep of her chronological age. However, her early ageing may reflect that she was raised from the nucleus of a 6-year old sheep. Study of her cells also revealed that the very small amount of DNA outside the nucleus, in the mitochondria of the cells, is all inherited from the donor egg cell, not from the donor nucleus like the rest of her DNA. So she is not a completely identical copy. This finding could be important for sex-linked diseases such as haemophilia, and certain neuromuscular, brain and kidney conditions that are passed on through the mother's side of the family only.



Why clone sheep?
Dolly the sheep, was produced at the Roslin Institute as part of research into producing medicines in the milk of farm animals. Researchers have managed to transfer human genes that produce useful proteins into sheep and cows, so that they can produce, for instance, the blood clotting agent factor IX to treat haemophilia or alpha-1-antitrypsin to treat cystic fibrosis and other lung conditions.
The development of cloning technology has led to new ways to produce medicines and is improving our understanding of development and genetics.

http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical/timeline/Dolly

clonng timeline

Cloning:
A historical timeline
The New Millenium

1885
first cloned animals
Hans Dreisch seperated cells from two-celled sea urchin blastomers mechanically. Each cell grew independently and formed a separate, whole sea urchin clone.

1902
Hans Speman (1935 Nobel Prize in medicine) conducted the first nuclear transfer experiment by splitting a two-celled salamander embryo into seperate cells. Each cell developed into a salamander.

1903
Herbert Webber (US Dept. Agriculture) coined the word "clon".

1928
Hans Spemann performed the first nuclear transfer experiment using salamander embryos.

1952
Robert Briggs and Thomas King used nuclear transfer technology to clone frogs from adult donor cells.

1963
J.B.S. Haldane is credited to have coined the term "clone".
Tong Dizhou created the first cloned fish (asian carp)

1973
by inserting Asian carp DNA into a European crucian carp, Tong Dizhou created the first interspecies clone

1984
Steen Willadsen (British Agricultural Research Council) cloned a sheep via nuclear transfer technology.

1995
Megan & Morag:July 1995 Scottish scientists clone the sheeps Megan and Morag from differentiated embryo cells.

1996 (My World Event)
The first mammal was cloned from a cell of an adult animal. Ian Wilmut (Roslin Institute) created the sheep Dolly.

1997
Neti and Ditto: two Rhesus monkeys were cloned by nuclear transfer at Oregon Regional Primate Research Center. Neti stands for "nuclear embryo transfer infant".
Polly: the first genetically engineered cloned sheep
Gene: the first cloned cow from a fetal cell (Infigen, Inc.)
Cumulina: the first mouse cloned from adult cells (University of Hawaii Medical School)
ABS Global, Inc. cloned the first calf (Holstein)

1998
Noto & Kaga: first cloned cows from adult cells ((Ishikawa Prefectural Livestock Research Center)
Mira: first cloned goat from embryonc cells (Tufts University, Genzyme Transgenics Corporation)

1999
A Chinese scientist claimed to have cloned a human embryo to the stage where stem cells could be harvested and then cultured.

2000
Alexis, Carrel, Christa, Dotcom & Millie: the first pigs cloned from adult cells (PPL Therapeutics)
Yanyuan: the first goat cloned from adult cells (Northwest University of Agriculture, Forestry Science and technology, China)
Tetra: the first Rhesus monkey 'cloned' by embryo splitting technique
Xena: Japanese research group cloned a pig (black Chinese Meishan) from fetal skin cells
The first mouflon was cloned from adult cells (University of Teramo, Italy

2001
Noah: the first species of an endagered species (gaur) was cloned (Advanced Cell Technologies)
The first rabbits were cloned from adult cells (National Institute of Agricultural Research, France)
CopyCat (or Carbon Copy): the first cloned domestic animal

2003
The first banteng (bos javanicus) was cloned from adult cells (Advanced Cell Technologies, Trans Ova Genetics)
Idaho Gem: the first mule was cloned from a mule fetus (University of Idaho)
Prometea: first horse cloned from adult cells (Consortium for Zootechnical Improvement, Italy)
Ditteaux: the first African wildcat (Felis silvestris) was cloned from adult cells (Audubon Center for Research of Endagered Species)
Dewey: first deer cloned from adult cells (Texas A&M University, ViaGen, Inc.)

2004
Tabouli & Baba Ganoush: the first cat cloned by chromatin transfer technology (Genetic Savings & Clone)
South Korean scientists cloned 30 human embryos and developed them over several days to the blastocyst stage.

2005
Snuppy (Seoul National University puppy): the first cloned dog

2006
Iranian doctors said they have cloned a sheep. The lamb died minutes after birth. It was the first animal cloning in Iran.
First cloned ferrets (Libby and Lilly) by somatic cell nuclear transfer

2007
South Korean Scientists have cloned two females of an endangered species of wolf named Snuwolf and Snuwolffy

2008
Snuppy has become a father after the world's first sucessful breeding involving only cloned canines (Seoul National University).

2009
the first cloned camel (Injaz) was born at Dubai's Camel Reproduction Center
the first buffalo calf was born at NDRI, Karmal (India)
Iran's first cloned goat was born in Isfahan



http://www.argosbiotech.de/700/timelines/cloning2.htm